Tag: culture

Inside Jokes & Cultural Context: When Humor Is Lost in Translation

Posted on by Leave a comment

Ricky Gervais, Gad Elmaleh, Dave Chappelle, Ken Shimura. Take a look at your favorite comics, and you’ll often find that humor is rooted in shared experiences.

A shared cultural background and community often helps in connecting with what makes humor humorous. Without insider knowledge and localized context, jokes about politics, social norms, and everyday life are totally lost on outsiders.

The slapstick comedy that makes people laugh in one part of the world may leave those in another part rolling their eyes. The sarcasm some cultures find witty may confuse or offend others. And puns aren’t punny to those who don’t know the language or idioms enough to follow.

So, let’s explore humor across several cultures to identify where we might divide or come together.

British Sarcasm: Wit or Confusion?

“Let’s face it, the gene pool needs a little chlorine.” – Jimmy Carr

Irony is the Brits’ cup of tea.

With a dry, understated humor, the Brits have taken sarcasm to the next level.

They love deadpan, banter, innuendo, puns. It’s all part of their wit.

Monty Python is heavy with satire and wordplay. To a Brit, it’s hilarious – because they’ve learned to use sarcasm to deal with life’s sometimes painful and complex aspects. 

But to someone unfamiliar with the British way of speaking, their sarcasm can be baffling or even sound like genuine complaining. 

Without understanding the cultural context or the delivery, the humor is lost.

Japanese Puns: Wordplay That Falls Flat

In Japanese, puns are called dajare – literally “bad jokes” – and they’re the local version of dad jokes. These rely on homophones and wordplay, often charmingly silly.

Take this classic:

アルミ缶の上にある蜜柑 (arumi kan no ue ni aru mikan)

“A tangerine on an aluminum can.”

It plays on how “arumi kan” (aluminum can) and “aru mikan” (there is a mikan/tangerine) sound nearly identical. 

The result? A pun that’s more about the sound than the punchline

As you can see, to a non-Japanese speaker or one who is not fluent, this would just sound like a string of random words without any punchline. 

The humor relies on the nuance of Japanese language, which doesn’t translate well into other languages – and this can be said about puns in any language/culture.

When it comes to humor, context truly is king. A joke that causes audiences to double over with laughter in one country may fall flat in another…or may even be deemed offensive.

That’s why understanding humor in a cross-cultural context isn’t just about the words; it’s about the culture that shapes them.

Sister Cities and the Arts: How Cultural Partnerships Inspire Creativity

Posted on by Leave a comment

One of the most joyful aspects of Sister Cities is their partnership in championing cultural expression through artistic exchanges.

These global partnerships celebrate local traditions, foster creativity, and bring communities together in unforgettable ways. 

From slow food in Portland and Bologna to mural exchanges between Chicago and Casablanca, these collaborations highlight the power of international cultural diplomacy.

Portland, Oregon & Bologna, Italy: A Love for “Slow” Food

Portland and Bologna share a deep passion for food culture. 

Bologna has earned its nickname “La Grassa” (The Fat) for its indulgent cuisine, while Portland has carved out its own identity with a thriving Northwest-inspired food scene. 

In both cities, meals are more than just sustenance – they’re a chance to slow down, savor, and connect. 

Whether strolling through Portland’s bustling Farmers Market or Bologna’s Mercato della Terra, you’ll find a shared appreciation for fresh, locally sourced ingredients. 

And, of course, great food requires great drinks to match. 

Bologna and Portland both take their beverages seriously – Italy has been perfecting wine for centuries, while the Portland region has gained international recognition for its Pinot Noir. 

And while Portland’s craft beer culture is well known, Bologna also embraces the art of brewing, even hosting the annual “Heretical Brewers Fest” each spring.

These loves come together through events celebrating each other’s cuisine, like Sagra in Portland which serves up lasagna, festive music, and a silent auction with Italian goodies.

Chicago, USA & Casablanca, Morocco: A Street Art Connection

Chicago and Casablanca have been sister cities for decades and share a love of public art.

In 2018, they marked 35 years of their sister city relationship with a mural art exchange, strengthening cultural ties between the two cities. 

The project featured Chicago-based muralist Sam Kirk and Casablanca artist Abedellatif Farhate, known as “Kalamour.”

Kirk traveled to Casablanca to create a mural during the city’s CasaMouja Festival, becoming the first female artist to participate. 

She also led an art workshop for local students. 

In return, Kalamour visited Chicago to install a mural as part of WAC’s public art initiative, which has transformed the city’s South Loop with over 60 large-scale artworks. 

The pair also share a digital art museum, known as STEAMuseum, created through a collaboration between high school students from Chicago and Casablanca, using virtual tools to explore science, technology, engineering, and art. 

Launched in 2016, it fosters cross-cultural understanding through digital diplomacy and provides a unique, interactive space for a new generation of digital learners.

Both of these collaborations show that sister city relationships aren’t just boring ol’ diplomacy – they’re about bringing cultures to life in the most dynamic ways. 

So next time your city hosts an international arts event, check to see if it’s part of a sister city exchange. You might just find you share more than a simple bond; you share culture.

Christmas Around the World: Interesting Cultural Christmas Characters & Traditions, PART III

Posted on by Leave a comment

The joy and tradition of Christmas unfold in diverse ways around the world. 

Beyond the familiar scenes of snowy landscapes and decorated trees, unique customs tell a tale of culture, history, and the human spirit. 

In this journey across continents, we explore not only the warmth of family gatherings and festive feasts but also some extraordinary practices that add a distinctive flair to the global celebration of Christmas.

Festive Fistfights in Peru

In Santo Tomás, Peru, Christmas Day involves an unconventional event known as Takanakuy, meaning “to strike” in Quechua.

Families settle disputes through organized fistfights, a tradition dating back to the 1600s, born out of conflicts arising from conquistadors taking over indigenous land.

After announcing their grievances, participants engage in controlled fights where hitting is not allowed on the ground, and a referee oversees fairness.

The losers publicly apologize, and both parties reconcile in the town square, embracing to symbolize the end of the dispute.

Despite resistance from the Catholic Church and urban dwellers, Takanakuy serves as a practical alternative to lengthy court proceedings.

Rollerskates in Venezuela

In Caracas, Venezuela, the period between December 16 and 24 transforms the streets into a unique spectacle of roller skating.

Roads are closed, allowing people to skate freely to the early morning Christmas mass in a vibrant and joyful prelude to the festive season.

In a playful tradition, children tie strings to their big toes, dangling them out of windows for skaters to tug on during their journey.

Burning the Devil in Guatemala

Guatemalans celebrate La Quema del Diablo, the Burning of the Devil, on December 7, the eve of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Since the 17th century, this ritual involves burning an effigy of the devil to cleanse homes of misfortunes from the past year.

Communities gather for bonfires and devil-burning ceremonies, with revelers donning devil disguises and vendors selling devil horns and firecrackers.

The event concludes with families enjoying traditional donuts (buñuelos) and warm fruit punch, symbolizing a fresh start and the triumph of light over darkness.

Christmas is a celebration with diverse traditions that reflect the unique history and spirit of each culture. From festive fistfights to rollerblading rituals, these customs remind us of the joy of togetherness and the magic of the holiday season.

Speed, Volume, Pauses, Expressions: How Culture Shapes Communication

Posted on by Leave a comment

Communication goes beyond language; it brings together tone, body language, and pauses that reflect cultural values.

To navigate cross-cultural interactions with sensitivity and respect, we must recognize how these elements differ across cultures.

Tone, Volume, and Speed

The way we speak – how loudly, expressively, or quickly – is often dictated by cultural norms.

In African American, Caribbean, Latino, and Arab communities, vibrant, expressive speech is common.

This energetic style conveys enthusiasm and emotion but might be misinterpreted in cultures that prefer softer, more deliberate tones.

For instance, many Native American and East Asian cultures emphasize calmness in communication, viewing quieter speech as a sign of respect or thoughtfulness.

In these contexts, overly loud or rapid speech might seem overbearing or impolite to some.

Pauses and Silence

While some people find silence in conversations jarring or uncomfortable, others see it as meaningful.

In U.S. mainstream culture, silence is often interpreted as awkward or as a sign of disengagement.

By contrast, many Indigenous cultures in the Americas view pauses as opportunities for reflection.

Silence allows for careful thought and measured responses, emphasizing the value of contemplation over immediacy in conversation.

Facial Expressions

Cultural norms also influence how people use their faces to express emotion.

Many Latin American and Caribbean cultures use vivid facial expressions to complement their expressive verbal style, amplifying the emotion conveyed.

In contrast, neutral expressions are more typical in many East Asian and Native American cultures.

A lack of overt expression in these groups often signifies respect, self-control, or neutrality, not necessarily a lack of interest or understanding.

And so, with speed, volume, pauses, and expressions in mind, let’s…

Slow down, get quiet, take a moment, and smile, because learning about other cultures and the way they communicate will help bridge the gap between our differing norms, preventing misunderstandings and conflict.

Ethnocentrism in Cross-Cultural Research: Cultural Bias Creates Limitations in Attachment Studies

Posted on by Leave a comment

Where you see stability, another sees chaos.

Where you see independence, another sees distance and detachment.

Where you see codependence, another sees the importance of family.

How we see the world is largely dictated by our cultural upbringing – our values and norms.

So, how does cross-cultural research escape innate bias?

The problem is it often doesn’t.

The Attachment Study

We’ve discussed the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis over the past couple of weeks.

The large-scale study comparing global attachment styles is often regarded as groundbreaking in cross-cultural psychology. 

Their research relied heavily on the Strange Situation procedure and Ainsworth’s attachment classification system, which groups infant attachment into secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant styles. 

While this study advanced the understanding of attachment across cultures, its findings are not without significant limitations – particularly issues stemming from cultural bias and ethnocentrism.

The Issue of Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism occurs when one culture’s norms are taken as a universal benchmark for human behavior.

In the study, attachment classification was based on Western values and norms, specifically those of American culture, where the Strange Situation and attachment categories were first developed. 

Ethnocentrism can distort cross-cultural studies because it imposes a particular culture’s view onto other societies, potentially skewing results and interpretations.

In this case, the study assumed that attachment behaviors observed in American infants are universally relevant, but this overlooks critical differences in child-rearing practices worldwide. 

For instance, Japanese infants may show higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment simply because their close bonds with mothers in collectivist cultures emphasize dependency. 

Yet, when measured by Western standards, these behaviors might be misinterpreted as “insecure,” potentially leading to misunderstandings about what constitutes “healthy” attachment across diverse societies.

Imposed Etic: Overlooking Cultural Nuances

The study’s reliance on the etic approach, or an outsider’s view of a culture, contributed to overlooking cultural nuances in attachment. 

Using Ainsworth’s attachment categories as a standard framework for all cultures exemplifies an “imposed etic” – applying a Western-based tool to other societies without adapting it for cultural context. 

This can obscure the unique factors influencing attachment in non-Western cultures and prevent researchers from understanding what attachment looks like in its authentic, culturally specific forms.

Emic Approach: Exploring Concepts with Cultural Relativism

To avoid ethnocentrism in research, it’s crucial for researchers to approach different cultures with cultural relativism, viewing each society’s practices and beliefs within its unique context rather than from an outsider’s perspective. 

This can be done by incorporating the emic approach, where researchers explore cultural concepts from within, learning how members of the culture interpret their own behaviors and values. 

Collaborating with local researchers who understand the cultural nuances and adapting research tools to fit specific cultural contexts can further minimize ethnocentrism. 

For instance, modifying standard research protocols, like the Strange Situation in attachment studies, to align with cultural child-rearing practices would help produce more accurate results. 

Instead of assuming universal standards, researchers can compare findings cross-culturally while respecting the unique social norms and values each society upholds.

While Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis provides valuable insights, it also underscores the need for caution in cross-cultural research. 

Addressing cultural biases and adopting a culturally intuitive approach can lead to a more accurate understanding of attachment in different societies, enhancing the relevance and inclusivity of psychological research.

Attachment Styles & Culture: Are You Secure?

Posted on by Leave a comment

Attachment styles are psychological frameworks that describe how we form and maintain emotional bonds with others, particularly in close relationships. 

These styles are typically developed in early childhood through interactions with caregivers and can significantly influence how we relate to others throughout our lives. 

A 1986 study by Takahashi found that, when using Western attachment style classifications, double the number of Japanese infants were categorized as insecure-resistant when compared with American babies. 

This raises an important question: Are Japanese infants more prone to forming unhealthy attachments, or is the classification system skewed by ethnocentricity?

This issue highlights the need to understand cultural variations in attachment and the complexities involved in studying attachment across different cultures.

Attachment Varies by Culture

Attachment theory in psychology investigates whether attachment styles differ based on cultural practices or whether they are universal. 

According to Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory of Attachment, attachment is an inherent mechanism that ensures infants bond with their caregivers for survival. 

He argued that this attachment serves as a template, or “internal working model,” for all future relationships.

Bowlby’s theory suggests that the drive to develop a secure attachment is a biological, universal trait found in all human infants.

However, many scholars have criticized Bowlby for failing to consider cultural variations in child-rearing practices. 

These cultural differences can significantly influence attachment styles, suggesting that attachment may not be as biologically determined as Bowlby proposed. 

In cultures where different social norms around caregiving exist, attachment behaviors may reflect those norms rather than innate patterns. 

For instance, some cultures might encourage more physical closeness or independence, which could lead to different attachment behaviors.

Assessing Attachment

Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” is the primary method for assessing attachment styles in infants. 

In this procedure, an infant’s behavior is observed during a series of interactions, such as when a caregiver exits the room, when the infant is left with a stranger, and when the caregiver returns. 

Based on their responses, infants are classified into three categories: secure, insecure-avoidant, or insecure-resistant. 

While the Strange Situation has been extensively used in the U.S. and Europe, it was developed based on middle-class, Western family dynamics, which may not capture the nuances of attachment in non-Western cultures. 

For instance, behaviors classified as insecure-resistant in Japan, such as clinging to a parent, might simply reflect cultural norms of close physical proximity between mother and child.

Cross-Cultural Studies

To explore the validity of Bowlby’s claims, studies have been conducted to compare attachment styles across cultures. 

Cultural variations in attachment refer to differences in social norms around caregiving and how these influence attachment styles. 

These variations can challenge the idea that all infants form attachments in the same way. 

For example, research by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg compared attachment styles across eight countries, showing significant cross-cultural differences. 

While American infants predominantly exhibited secure attachments (as defined by Western standards), other cultures displayed different attachment patterns without negative consequences for children’s emotional development.

Cultural variations in attachment challenge the assumption that attachment styles are universal. 

We’ll explore this further next week.

Take a Pause: Cultural Variations in Conversation Between Germany and Japan

Posted on by Leave a comment

When it comes to communication, what isn’t said can be just as important as what is spoken. 

The subtle art of pausing during a conversation is a powerful tool that varies greatly across cultures.

Understanding differences in pause perception can provide valuable insights, especially when developing virtual agents designed to interact with humans in culturally diverse settings. 

A recent study comparing the use of pauses in speech between German and Japanese speakers sheds light on these differences, offering fascinating glimpses into how silence is wielded in communication across these two cultures.

The Role of Pauses in Communication

Pauses are more than mere breaks in speech; they are a form of non-verbal communication that can convey a range of meanings, from contemplation to hesitation, or even respect. 

In certain cultural contexts, pauses can signal deep thought, while in others, they may cause discomfort or impatience. 

This study sought to understand how pauses are used differently by German and Japanese speakers, with the ultimate goal of integrating these insights into the behavior of virtual agents to improve their cultural adaptability.

The Study: German vs. Japanese Use of Pauses

Researchers analyzed speech patterns using the CUBE-G video corpus, focusing on interactions between German and Japanese speakers. 

In a preliminary study, they observed pauses in eight video samples from each culture, each approximately five minutes long. 

They measured pauses lasting over one second and those over two seconds, comparing the frequency and duration of these pauses between the two cultures.

The results were striking: Japanese participants used significantly more pauses than their German counterparts, both in terms of frequency and duration.

Japanese speakers averaged 31 pauses longer than one second and 8.4 pauses over two seconds per video, while German speakers averaged 7.1 and 1.3 pauses, respectively. 

These findings align with the theory that Japanese culture, being a high-context culture, relies heavily on non-verbal cues like pauses to convey meaning. 

In contrast, Germany, a low-context culture, values explicit verbal communication, often viewing pauses as awkward or unnecessary.

Cultural Contexts: High vs. Low Context Communication

The concept of high-context and low-context cultures plays a crucial role in understanding these differences. 

In high-context cultures like Japan, much of the communication is implicit, relying on shared cultural knowledge, non-verbal cues, and the context in which the conversation occurs. 

Pauses in speech are often used to reflect on the conversation and allow the speaker to consider their response carefully.

In contrast, low-context cultures like Germany prioritize clear and direct communication. 

Here, pauses might be interpreted as a lack of clarity or confidence. 

As a result, German speakers tend to avoid lengthy pauses, striving for continuous, unambiguous conversation.

Implications for Virtual Agents

These cultural differences in the use of pauses have significant implications for the development of virtual agents designed to engage with humans. 

By understanding how different cultures perceive pauses, developers can create virtual agents that adapt their conversation styles to better align with cultural expectations, improving user experience and acceptance.

Future research might explore the specific contexts in which pauses occur, who breaks the silence, and how these pauses influence the flow of conversation.

To Speak or Not to Speak: The Art of Conversational Timing Across Cultures

Posted on by Leave a comment

Conversation is something we engage in every day without much thought.

Yet, whether we realize it or not, it’s a skill that requires complex timing and rhythm. 

We instinctively know when to speak and when to listen, avoiding awkward pauses or the rudeness of interruption…at least, most of us do. 

But have you ever wondered how these conversational cues differ across cultures? 

A fascinating study, led by Tanya Stivers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and shared by National Geographic, explores this very question, revealing that while there are universal patterns in turn-taking, cultural nuances make a world of difference.

A Universal Rhythm

The study examined spontaneous conversations across ten different languages from diverse cultures, ranging from hunter-gatherers in Namibia to city folk in Japan. 

Despite the wide variety of languages and cultural backgrounds, Stivers found a surprisingly consistent pattern: across all cultures, people tend to avoid talking over each other and aim to minimize pauses between turns. 

Whether it’s in English, Korean, or a Mayan language spoken in Mexico, the rhythm of conversation seems to follow a universal principle of smooth transitions with minimal silence.

Stivers focused specifically on yes/no questions in these languages to maintain a consistent comparison. 

She discovered that the delay between a question and its response followed a similar pattern in all ten languages: most answers were given almost immediately, with very little overlap or delay. 

This finding challenges the stereotype that different cultures have drastically different conversational tempos, such as the supposed lengthy pauses of Scandinavian speakers or the rapid exchanges of New Yorkers.

Cultural Variations in Timing

While the overall pattern of minimizing delays was consistent, there were subtle yet intriguing differences in how long people from different cultures waited before responding. 

For instance, Danish speakers had the longest pauses, with an average delay of about half a second between turns. 

This is still a short amount of time – just long enough to say two syllables in English – but it’s enough to reinforce the stereotype of Scandinavian speakers taking their time. 

On the other hand, Japanese speakers had the shortest pauses, with an average delay of just 7 milliseconds, showcasing a preference for a quicker conversational pace.

Interestingly, these differences in timing weren’t linked to the linguistic structure of the languages. 

For example, in Japanese and Korean, where questions are marked at the end of sentences, you might expect longer pauses, but that wasn’t the case. 

Similarly, languages with question markers at the beginning, like English and Danish, didn’t necessarily lead to quicker responses.

What Counts as a Delay?

Stivers suggests that while all cultures aim to keep conversations flowing smoothly, they have different ideas of what constitutes a delay. 

Independent analysts who observed the conversations classified responses as either late or on time, based on the natural rhythm of each culture. 

For Japanese speakers, a pause of just 36 milliseconds might feel perfectly timed, whereas Danish speakers might not consider a response late unless it’s delayed by 200 milliseconds.

This hypersensitivity to tiny differences in timing highlights how deeply ingrained our conversational habits are. 

To an English speaker, the slightly longer pauses common in Nordic conversations might feel like an eternity, even though they’re only a fraction of a second longer than what they’re used to. 

It’s this sensitivity that makes cultural differences in conversation styles seem more pronounced than they actually are.

The study by Stivers and her team reveals that while there are universal patterns in how we take turns during conversations, culture plays its part in this everyday skill. 

Whether we’re engaging in rapid-fire exchanges or pausing thoughtfully between turns, our conversational timing is shaped by the subtle rhythms of our culture and language. 

Understanding these differences not only enriches our appreciation of our multicultural world but also helps us navigate cross-cultural interactions with greater sensitivity and awareness.

The Smile Effect: How Culture Shapes Who We Trust

Posted on by Leave a comment

How do people determine trustworthiness in others? 

While research has shown that smiling faces are generally trusted more than non-smiling ones, the perception of trustworthiness varies significantly across cultures. 

We discussed this in last week’s blog, which examined cross-cultural research that delved into the complex and varied interpretations of smiling.

Yet another study on the subject seems to confirm that research.

Exploring the “smile effect” in American and Japanese participants, this study focuses on how different elements of a smile – intensity at the eyes, intensity at the mouth, and facial symmetry – influence judgments of trustworthiness.

Let’s dive in.

Cultural Variations in Smile Perception

Researchers initially had Japanese participants rate 54 American and 69 Japanese male faces for smile intensity at the eyes and mouth, as well as facial symmetry. 

These images were then presented to 142 American and 80 Japanese participants, who rated each face’s trustworthiness.

The findings revealed stark cultural differences. 

Japanese participants found faces with greater upper-half (eye) intensity and smile symmetry to be more trustworthy but viewed faces with greater lower-half (mouth) intensity as less trustworthy. 

Conversely, American participants perceived faces with greater lower-half intensity as more trustworthy, while upper-half intensity and smile symmetry had no significant impact.

Understanding These Differences

Why do these cultural differences occur? 

The study suggests that in Japanese culture, people tend to control their emotional expressions, relying more on the eyes and smile symmetry, which are harder to manipulate, to judge trustworthiness. 

Additionally, in Japan, highly expressive smiles are less appropriate in cooperative contexts, leading to a lower trust rating for strongly smiling faces.

In contrast, American culture encourages overt emotional expression. 

Therefore, American participants focused more on the mouth, the most expressive part of the face, when making trust judgments.

Additional Findings

The study also examined other personality traits and found a variety of cultural differences and similarities.

Interestingly, American faces were rated by Japanese participants as more trustworthy than Japanese ones, while Japanese faces were rated by American participants as more trustworthy than American ones. 

This suggests that cultural biases can influence perceptions of trustworthiness.

The study had several limitations. 

The three smile elements were rated only by Japanese participants, and these ratings may differ across cultures. 

The photographs used were taken for electoral campaigning, which might not reflect everyday expressions.

Furthermore, only male faces were used, so future studies should include female faces to see if the findings apply across genders.

Smile Trustworthiness

This study highlights significant cultural differences in how trustworthiness is inferred from smiles. 

To fully understand the detection of trustworthiness, future research should explore how people express their intentions and emotions when they have an incentive to be trusted, considering both the receivers and senders of facial signals. 

Additionally, understanding the historical context and origins of these cultural differences would provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms of nonverbal communication, which becomes more important as the world becomes more globally connected.

Decoding Smiles: How Culture Influences the Perception of :)

Posted on by Leave a comment

Frank Sinatra sang, “When you’re smilin’, the whole world smiles with you.”

But that may not be the case.

Some cultures are much more openly smiley than others. 

And this is all due to norms, behaviors, and how smiling is viewed in society.

Smiling is often associated with positive traits such as happiness, attractiveness, competence, and friendliness.

This perception is widely accepted, especially in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies, where most psychological research is conducted. 

However, the influence of culture on the social perception of nonverbal behavior, including smiling, is not well-understood. 

Recent research reveals that cultural context can significantly alter how smiling individuals are perceived.

Cultural Differences in Smiling Perception

In cultures with low scores on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension, a smiling person may be judged as less intelligent compared to a non-smiling person. 

This finding challenges the assumption that smiling universally conveys positive attributes. 

Additionally, societal corruption levels can undermine the prosocial perception of smiling. 

In societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals diminishes. 

This suggests that in some cultural contexts, smiling can have negative associations.

Gender Roles and Smile Perception

The study also highlights the role of gender in the social perception of smiles. 

Female assessors are more likely than male assessors to attribute intelligence and honesty to smiling individuals. 

Furthermore, the gender of the person being assessed influences the perception of honesty, but only for non-smiling targets. 

These gender-based differences in smile perception do not affect the cultural variations in how smiles are interpreted, which is the primary focus of the study.

Practical Implications

This cross-cultural study sheds light on the complex and varied interpretations of smiling. 

While smiling is generally perceived favorably, in some cultures, a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than when displaying a neutral expression. 

In uncertain social conditions, expressing certainty through smiling may not effectively signal intelligence.

Similarly, in untrustworthy environments, displaying unconditional trust through smiling can be risky.

This has practical implications, particularly in the context of globalization and job applications. 

For instance, in countries where photographs are commonly included in CVs, understanding whether a smile conveys competence and trustworthiness or negative traits can be crucial for international applicants.

As with our look at eye contact and culture in last week’s blog, this research advances the theory of nonverbal behavior by highlighting how cultural dimensions influence the perception of smiles. 

It underscores the importance of considering cultural frameworks in understanding nonverbal communication and reveals that the generally positive perception of smiling can have unexpected negative implications in certain cultural contexts.